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soccer is a demanding physical game. So providing encouragement and instruction and making sure your players do adequate physical preparation is one of the most important responsibilities in soccer coaching.

The warm up is a process to increase awareness, improve co-ordination, improve elasticity and contractibility of muscles, and increase the efficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

soccer training and blood flow to muscles

In a body at rest, the blood flow to the muscles is comparatively low, and the majority of the small blood vessels (capillaries) supplying them are closed. When soccer training or playing begins, the blood flow in the exercising muscles increases markedly, as the capillaries open.

At rest, 15-20% of the blood flow supplies muscles, while after 10-12 minutes of all-round exercise, the percentage of blood flow supplying the muscles rises to 70-75%. A muscle can only achieve maximum performance when all its blood vessels are functional.Physical work increases the energy output and temperature of the muscle, this in turn leads to improved co-ordination with less likelihood of injury.

A warm-up therefore prepares the body by:

raising muscle temperature towards an optimum level for performance

enabling metabolic processes in cells to proceed at higher rates

and allowing nerve messages to travel faster

Why warm-up is important in soccer coaching

Reasons for conducting a thorough warm-up prior to soccer training and games include the following:

To increase blood flow to muscular tissue

To increase muscle temperature

To reduce muscle tightness

To elevate body temperature

To stimulate reflex activity related to balance and co-ordination

To achieve full joint mobility in the specific joints involved in the activity

To achieve full soft tissue extensibility muscles, tendons, ligaments

To enhance the functioning of the neuromuscular system

To prepare the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

To prepare the player psychologically for the coming activity

To familiarize themselves with the environmental conditions

Warm-ups should be intense enough to increase the body temperature, the effects of which will ultimately wear off depending upon its intensity and specificity. The procedure should begin with movements of the large muscle groups, as these are the main areas to which blood is redistributed. These include the following areas:

Back lower leg: gastrocnemius and soleus

Front lower leg: peroneals (shin)

Front thigh: quadriceps

Back thigh: hamstrings

Inner thigh: adductors

Back: erector spinae

Trunk: abdominal muscles

Shoulders and chest: deltoids and pectorials

Specialized soccer exercises

After the general warm-up players can begin more specialized exercises including mobilization of the joints and dynamic movements of muscles, particularly of the lower extremity. The final stage of a warm-up concentrates on technique, and/or practicing a specific movement.

Whether warm-ups are performed with or without a ball depends entirely upon the philosophy adopted by the coach. This part of the soccer training session does provide an opportunity to work on specific technical skills in conjunction with mobility work and may also provide a greater mental and neurological stimulus for the players. In soccer coaching generally a lack or improper use of a warm-up and a cool-down is a risk factor for lower extremity overuse muscular injuries, especially during running.

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When it comes to choosing a backpack for going on a trip for any extended period of time not only should be considering how comfortable it is but whether it will be able to cope with the different weather conditions you may meet along the way. It is therefore essential that when choosing your backpack you make sure that it is one that can cope with the various weather conditions that the environment into which you are traveling is going to throw at it. Certainly many backpackers today will now own several different types of backpack which they can then use in various different climates.

Although comfort is uppermost in many hikers minds also knowing that their equipment is both secure and well protected is also extremely important to them as well. Certainly it would not be much fun if you have hiked for hours on end in the pouring rain only to then reach the campsite and find everything inside your backpack is completely soaked through.

Certainly in such locations as Florida where the weather can change at a drop of hat then you need to choose a backpack that is light weight, is water resistant and is constructed from materials which allow air to ventilate through it easily. For this type of area then I would strongly suggest you purchase something like the Ultra light Osprey Atmos 65. It will help to prevent chafing to your back and shoulders if at anytime the pack does get wet.

Whilst for those of you who will be using their equipment in much colder climates it is best that you choose a backpack which is more rugged but is also water resistant. Why not look for one which contains some kind of insulation as this will not only help to ensure that what is inside is kept dry but may also keep it from getting cold also. Plus you may well find that the insulation material contained with the pack helps to keep your warm even if it is only your back.

However if you can only afford to purchase one backpack at this time then choose one that is known as an "all weather" one and this can then be used in whatever type of climates you will be hiking through. Unfortunately although this type of backpack is not always successful, but generally they do work in most climates and weather conditions and certainly for the novice backpacker they are ideal. But probably after a few months of backpacking you may well discover that you will go out a purchase various different types of backpacks to not just suit different climates but also for when you only need ones for short or long trips also.

To find out why the Osprey Atmos 65 Backpack is such a great backpack visit Osprey Atmos 65 Reviewed at www.ospreyatmos65review.com

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Portable generators run on different types of fossil fuels: natural gas, propane, diesel or gasoline. The diesel generator is the most fuel-efficient. A gallon of diesel fuel will last two to three times as long as gasoline. Also, gasoline generators have to be cooled down before you can refuel which isnt the case with diesel. Diesel generators are designed to run continuously for hours. The engines are cooled by water, very durable and more dependable than other kinds of generators and have the longest engine life. They use direct injection and are much less likely to start a fire as they dont have spark plugs. Diesel is the least flammable of all the fuels making it safer to store. However, diesel generators are noisy, smokey and hard to start in cold weather requiring heaters. Also, diesel fuel is more expensive than gasoline in many places. Diesel generators are usually the most expensive type and normally used for larger, commercial applications.

Gasoline generators are usually the cheapest and gasoline is available almost anywhere. However, they emit harmful carbon monoxide and are noisy. They also require frequent maintenance and the engine wears out faster than diesel, propane or natural gas generators. Gasoline has a short shelf life, gums up, is highly flammable and dangerous to store for long durations. They require frequent maintenance to avoid fuel filter and carburetor problems. However, they are the most affordable and popular choice for a standby home generator.

Propane gas generators are excellent for cold climates because they dont have trouble starting in cold weather. If you have an existing propane tank for your stove or heater the generator can be hooked right up to that. The biggest disadvantage of propane is its a more expensive fuel than gas and produces less energy per unit volume than diesel. Propane has an unlimited shelf life. Propane burns clean and doesnt gum up. It has the lowest noise level and a longer engine life than gasoline or diesel.

If you live in an area where natural gas is available the advantages and disadvantages of the propane gas generator are about the same. Natural gas is probably the most reliable and dependable fuel on earth. Usually the only time there is a natural gas outage is during a hurricane or earthquake. Of course propane and natural gas generators have a higher installation cost due to plumbing costs and the initial cost is higher than gas generators.

Oil and natural gas companies like, Western Pipeline Corporation, provide a reliable source of supply of all these types of fuel.

Bob Jent is the CEO of Western Pipeline Corp specializes in identifying, acquiring and developing existing, producing reserves on behalf of its individual clients.

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Automatic sprinkler system controllers are programmed to go on and off on a certain day and at a certain time. The controller does not know if it is sunny and dry outside or raining. For this reason every lawn sprinkler system should have a rain sensor.

The rain sensor determines whether or not enough rainfall has occurred in order to skip an irrigation cycle. There are three basic types of rain sensors. They all serve the same purpose: keeping your system from over-watering the turf or your garden. How does it do that? The electrical connection between the sensor and your sprinkler system controller is interrupted when a certain amount of rain triggers the device. The sensor breaks the electrical connection so that electricity cannot flow to either the sprinkler valves or to a pump start (if your system is on a well without a pressure tank).

one type breaks the connection by weighing the water in a rainfall collection cup. The problem with this type is that leaves, sticks, or the occasional lizard will find its way into the collection cup and therefore turning off the system.

The next type uses electrodes to determine how much water is in the collection cup. This kind of rain sensor device also has a system problem of collecting things other than rainfall in the collection cup.

The most common type of rain sensor used by professionals is the expansion disk device. This kind of sensor does not use a collection cup; instead rainfall causes cork disks to expand. This device uses a pressure switch to break the electrical connection. These can be adjusted in increments of to the desired rain fall setting. This adjustment is usually set to turn off the sprinklers after of rain has fallen.

The most important aspect of installing a rain sensor is where to place it. It should be installed in an area that is unobstructed by trees, roof over hangs, or anything else that might block rain from getting to the sensor. If it is a wired sensor, placement is generally near the sprinkler controller. The wires should be connected inside the controllers valve wiring panel. This allows for easier electrical trouble-shooting of the system as the sensor can be easily disconnected.

In the last few years, FM wireless rain sensors have become very popular. Although they are more expensive than the wired devices, the ease of installation and increased placement options offset the cost. Most wireless units come with by-pass switches built into the device. Some digital controllers also offer by-pass options for both wired devices and wireless rain sensors.

No matter the type of rain sensor type that you choose, all rain sensors offer many advantages over not adding this detector to your automatic sprinkler system. Some of the immediate and long term benefits include:
Saves Money. Whether you pay for city water or spend electricity running a pump, the money you save over time will more than pay for the rain sensor.
Extends Sprinkler System Life Span. Irrigation systems are made up of moving parts. If the system parts are utilized less frequently (during the rainy season), they last longer.
Protects Water Resources. By limiting the over use of your sprinkler system, rain sensors reduce excess water run-off that carries fertilizers and pest control chemicals into our shared water supply.
Conserves Water. Less water is wasted when less supplemental water is needed for your turf and in your garden.

How much money can you save with a rain sensor device?

It will vary based on your water source (city, re-claim, or well) and where you live (water costs, electrical rate, climate). Here is one example that demonstrates the benefits listed above:
Seminole County, Florida.
System Description:
Designed to irrigate a quarter acre of grass and programmed to apply of water every time the system runs.
This schedule would equal 6,788 gallons per irrigation cycle.
This system (on City Water) pays $2.30 per thousand gallons.
Every time the rains sensor interrupts a sprinkler cycle, you would save $15.61

According to a recent study in Florida, the use of a rain sensor device averaged a 45% savings in water for single-family residential water usage.

The next time you see a sprinkler system running in the rain, you now know it doesnt have to be that way. Rain sensors are affordable solutions to conserving our water, protecting our water resources, and saving you money.

Craig Borglum CIC/CID/CLIA is a Certified and Licensed Irrigation Specialist in Central Florida. More information and articles on how-to irrigation solutions, click on sprinkler repair. A comprehensive Lawn Sprinkler Repair dvd is available at http://www.IrrigationRepair.com

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